Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a condition in which the airways in the lungs become narrowed. The primary cause is smoking, which over time causes inflammation and narrowing of the bronchial walls.
COPD includes two main diseases:
- Chronic Bronchitis: Inflammation of the bronchial tubes causes an increase in mucus, leading to persistent coughing and sputum production. It is commonly seen in smokers.
- Emphysema: The alveoli (the site of gas exchange) are damaged, reducing the elasticity of the lungs, which increases difficulty in breathing.
The main symptoms of COPD include:
- Coughing and Sputum: These are often worse in the morning and can persist for long periods.
- Shortness of Breath: Especially noticeable during physical activity or daily tasks.
- Palpitations: The heart works harder to supply oxygen to the lungs, putting extra strain on it.
Diagnosis is typically made through imaging tests (such as X-rays or CT scans) and pulmonary function tests that assess lung function. The most important aspect of treatment is quitting smoking, and smokers should aim for complete cessation. In addition, inhaled medications (bronchodilators and steroids) and oral medications (anti-inflammatory drugs) are used to manage symptoms. Respiratory rehabilitation can also be effective.
COPD is a progressive disease, and early diagnosis and management are crucial. Regular check-ups and guidance from a physician are highly recommended.